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 More evidence for Chromosomal Adam and Eve was found! 
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Joined: Fri Sep 22, 2006 12:04 am
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Location: Massachusetts
Post More evidence for Chromosomal Adam and Eve was found!
There have been a number of new science papers providing more evidence to support the theory I'm still working on and this for "Chromosomal Adam and Eve" is well worth mentioning in this forum. The specimens called "Lucy" are now being seen as having human feet not half-ape as was thought/taught!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12412662

Quote:
Ward, C.V. et al. (2011) Complete Fourth Metatarsal and Arches in the Foot of Australopithecus afarensis. Science, 331, 750-753.

The transition to full-time terrestrial bipedality is a hallmark of human evolution. A key correlate of human bipedalism is the development of longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot that provide a rigid propulsive lever and critical shock absorption during striding bipedal gait. Evidence for arches in the earliest well-known Australopithecus species, A. afarensis, has long been debated. A complete fourth metatarsal of A. afarensis was recently discovered at Hadar, Ethiopia. It exhibits torsion of the head relative to the base, a direct correlate of a transverse arch in humans. The orientation of the proximal and distal ends of the bone reflects a longitudinal arch. Further, the deep, flat base and tarsal facets imply that its midfoot had no ape-like midtarsal break. These features show that the A. afarensis foot was functionally like that of modern humans and support the hypothesis that this species was a committed terrestrial biped.


While reading the ScienceDaily link I saw "related articles" from 4 years ago to now that looked so good I had to document them (in chronological order). Can see how they start off with speculation, including using gibbons to show how early humans walked (as evolutionary theory more or less predicted) then by 2010 all that started falling apart then a year after that (now) it all looks silly:

Quote:
Study Identifies Energy Efficiency As Reason For Evolution Of Upright Walking (July 17, 2007)
A new study provides support for the hypothesis that walking on two legs, or bipedalism, evolved because it used less energy than quadrupedal knucklewalking. Humans walking on two legs only used ... > read more

Floppy-Footed Gibbons Help Us Understand How Early Humans May Have Walked (Nov. 19, 2008)
Early humans roamed the plains long before we evolved our modern inflexible feet. So how did they walk on floppy feet? New research shows how a close relative, the gibbon, manages perfectly well ... > read more

Evidence Indicates Humans' Early Tree-Dwelling Ancestors Were Also Bipedal (Mar. 20, 2010)
Experiments by anthropologists show that fossil footprints made 3.6 million years ago are the earliest direct evidence of early hominids using the kind of efficient, upright posture and gait now seen ... > read more

New View of Human Evolution? 3.2 Million-Year-Old Fossil Foot Bone Supports Humanlike Bipedalism in Lucy's Species ScienceDaily (Feb. 10, 2011)
A fossilized foot bone recovered from Hadar, Ethiopia, shows that by 3.2 million years ago human ancestors walked bipedally with a modern human-like foot, a report that appears Feb. 11 in the journal Science, concludes. The fossil, a fourth metatarsal, or midfoot bone, indicates that a permanently arched foot was present in the species Australopithecus afarensis, according to the report authors, Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, together with William Kimbel and Donald Johanson, of Arizona State University's Institute of Human Origins.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/20 ... 141215.htm

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The theory of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.
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Fri Feb 11, 2011 12:36 am
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Joined: Fri Sep 22, 2006 12:04 am
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Location: Massachusetts
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I found more information, including this reconstruction showing what has not been found (white material):

Image
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucy_Skeleton.jpg

Since there is not enough of the skull to know what "Lucy" looked like, the artist drawings made from predictions from the old paradigm that show a half-chimp/half-human are now more likely to be inaccurate.

We all need more phylogenetic data that does not exist yet to know about hair and other things. But the evidence now even more indicates that where we were to see them now we would not find anything unusual about their appearance. Just more likely to have the big teeth/mouth look that works for game show TV hosts, and might have had big-hair too (but primarily on top of their head like we do).

I had to mention the new evidence. Seems like the news was timed to help celebrate Darwin Day, but it's certainly no defeat to Intelligent Design science! :D


Sat Feb 12, 2011 5:20 am
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Joined: Fri Sep 22, 2006 12:04 am
Posts: 1456
Location: Massachusetts
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Since there seems to be a large amount of conflicting information as to what the "Lucy" evidence currently indicates, I went over the evidence again and compiled more notes. Would welcome any thoughts others have in regards to this upside down symmetry.

Hare are realistic illustrations I found to help show what now holds true. The first shows (other than their being short) that they have the human hip and pelvis. They are here qualified as "human" too but not "Homo sapiens" instead called "Australopithecus afarensis":

Image

The 48 chromosome designs ("great apes") have that tall and narrow pelvis with legs that swing outwards, which is bad for walking on them but works for something happy living in trees that only needs to climb from branch to branch.

Below, notice how they have hands for feet and their hands are long inflexible extensions of their arms (like our feet) that makes their hand/knuckles good enough for walking with on all fours.

Image
http://www.anthro4n6.net/lucy/

It's as though 48's are kinda upside down from our morphology as though at some point things were swapped around. A chromosome fusion would easily be enough to cause that, which would right there make life in a tree no fun anymore. With sleeping way up in the air not the safest thing either it may have been safer on the ground anyway, especially where one below figured out how to keep flames they got from a wildfire going 24/7 and all the rest join them to help keep it tended. At night tell campfire stories while trying to figure out what the moon and stars are made of while sharing notes on what they know about where they came from.

The answer is not as simple as no trees to climb creating humans. It can very well be that from day one our unique 46 chromosome design never wanted anything to do with living in trees, just a last resort from danger but not "home" as one with perfectly formed hands for feet would prefer. Possibly like the early Massachusetts Pilgrims they liked the more plentiful shoreline even though it's not a great place to become fossilized. Big human hands and/or feet make great paddles for swimming, but there being water to swim in would not automatically be the cause of their having them there is a molecular mechanism required that is harder to explain but that's what the theory expects.

If like the unfortunate (much more recent) "Hobbits" a volcano one day suddenly blasts their island into the sky then the theory expects explaining that, not carry on about natural selection made them small and natural selection gave them big feet and natural selection ruled them out (instead of just plain unlucky). There is a thread on my quick study of their very Asian looking skull design, which also makes sense considering that's where the Hobbits lived.

http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/post-109904.html#p109904

I love putting good science art like that on the screen, where it shows that even with a narrower jaw they were both possibly very recognizably human:

Image
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pchobbit.html

In this 46/48 comparison the upper and lower proportions are also reversed:

Human-Gorilla-Chimpanzee-Orangutam-Gibbon
Image
http://www.whyevolution.com/chimps.html

They still have some flexibility in their fingers at the end their hands useful for grasping objects, but not with ease like we can. Their strong gripping hands are way at their other end on the short little legs that are more in proportional length to our arms, which strongly holds their feet to branches to make climbing easy but it's hard to stand and grab something at the same time when your opposable thumb is a giant toe you need to stand with. And it's hard to make shoes that make feet like ours good for walking on thorns and other things that would no doubt have all the 48's in their own language yelling "Oooooooh!, OOooh!, OoooohH!, ooh!!!" :D

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Sun Feb 13, 2011 6:53 am
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Joined: Fri Sep 22, 2006 12:04 am
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Post Re: More evidence for Chromosomal Adam and Eve was found!
I found more evidence to show that the theory was right about large-scale gene expression changes from chromosome territory rearrangements produced by the chromosome speciation event!

Quote:
The effect of translocation-induced nuclear reorganization on gene expression
Louise Harewood, Frédéric Schütz, Shelagh Boyle, Paul Perry, Mauro Delorenzi, Wendy A. Bickmore and Alexandre Reymond

Translocations are known to affect the expression of genes at the breakpoints and, in the case of unbalanced translocations, alter the gene copy number. However, a comprehensive understanding of the functional impact of this class of variation is lacking. Here, we have studied the effect of balanced chromosomal rearrangements on gene expression by comparing the transcriptomes of cell lines from controls and individuals with the t(11;22)(q23;q11) translocation. The number of differentially expressed transcripts between translocation-carrying and control cohorts is significantly higher than that observed between control samples alone, suggesting that balanced rearrangements have a greater effect on gene expression than normal variation. Many of the affected genes are located along the length of the derived chromosome 11. We show that this chromosome is concomitantly altered in its spatial organization, occupying a more central position in the nucleus than its nonrearranged counterpart. Derivative 22-mapping chromosome 22 genes, on the other hand, remain in their usual environment. Our results are consistent with recent studies that experimentally altered nuclear organization, and indicated that nuclear position plays a functional role in regulating the expression of some genes in mammalian cells. Our study suggests that chromosomal translocations can result in hitherto unforeseen, large-scale changes in gene expression that are the consequence of alterations in normal chromosome territory positioning. This has consequences for the patterns of gene expression change seen during tumorigenesis-associated genome instability and during the karyotype changes that lead to speciation.
http://genome.cshlp.org/content/20/5/554.full

More information is in the Speciation section. Microsoft Word format:

https://sites.google.com/site/intellige ... Design.doc

And Google Viewer:

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid= ... ZmN2NiNTEx

_________________
Premise:
The theory of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.
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Tue Oct 04, 2011 3:22 am
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